With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: a. focus on setting goals for the future. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. a. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. 2.2.1.2. Gambling disorder is a manifestation of the previously desirable behavior of being a risk taker. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. b. ego. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. The humanistic perspective focuses on positive regard, conditions of worth, and the fully functioning person while the existential perspective stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. Shonda responds by changing the subject. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. d. displacement. The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. c. sociocultural. Likewise, if our action leads to dissatisfaction, then we will not repeat the same behavior in the future. Evaluating the cognitive model. Over time I learned that attention was good. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. 2.3.4.1. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. Continuous or partial? 88. b. the evolution of adaptive and maladaptive behavior is fundamentally different. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. 89. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. 78. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. 144. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. b. anal stage. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. c. role-playing. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. As such, he continues to steal her toys. b. good long-term prognoses. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. b. neurotransmitters. 153. d. free association. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. c. psychodynamic. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. b. cognitive-behavioral Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. 16. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. d. disengagement. b. behavior-focused therapists. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. b. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. 119. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. A) cognitive-behavioral B) sociocultural C) psychodynamic D) humanistic-existential B? 115. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. 21. c. psychoanalysts. 118. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. 2.3.1.1. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. 84. c. Beck. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? 143. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. 72. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. d. humanists. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. 2.3.4.2. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. 111. d. projection. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. What is this therapy? According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. c. result of childhood trauma. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. 48. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. She interprets this to mean that the hospital is a threatening place because it's filled with dangerous diseases. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. b. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). The nervous system. They are tied to experiences early in life. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. d. synapses. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. 27. What about other students in the class that you know? The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. 74. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. 20. a. d. self-help therapy. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. 2.3.3.6. d. psychophysical. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. a. Neurotransmitters are released. How so? Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. 37. 86. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. a. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Irrational thought patterns can be the basis of psychopathology. b. psychoanalysis. The orientation of the author of this quote is MOST likely: a. cognitive-behavioral. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. a. existential Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. 163. a. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Dontrall observed his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Which is an example of latent content? 126. 31. What is learning? No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. 102. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). b. multicultural. This is called the absolute refractory period. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. a. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). What is learning and what forms does it take? Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. 103. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. 33. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. 68. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. b. learned behavior. Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. c. feminist therapy. 2.2.3.2. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Psychodynamic techniques. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. b. laissez-faire parenting style. b. anxiety disorders. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. c. overgeneralization. c. primary process thought. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. a. psychodynamic Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. b. superego. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? 40. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. 71. c. ego. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. 24. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. Participants have similar issues. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? In the case of men. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group.
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